Data Communication concepts
There are an incredible number of ways to transmit data from one place to another. Data communications is bout transmitting information from one device to another. Protocols define the rules for communication so that sender and receiver can coordinate their activities. Higher-level protocols define the packaging of information for transmission, flow controls, and techniques for recovering information that was lost or corrupted during transmission. At the physical level, information is converted into signals that can be transmitted across a guided (copper or fiber-optic cable) or unguided (radio or infrared transmission) medium.
Communication Protocols
Communication protocols can be comparing to the diplomatic protocols used by foreign embassies. Diplomats of various ranks handle different types of negations. They communicate with peer diplomats in other embassies. Likewise, communication protocols have a layered architecture. When two systems exchange data, the protocols in each layer communicate to handle various aspects of the communication

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